Landlords, property managers, lettings agents, build-to-rent operators, sole-trader buy-to-let portfolios and the long tail of one- and two-property owners carrying compliance cost on every rent roll. Pain-points drawn from regulator briefings (HMRC, MHCLG), accountancy-body positions (ICAEW, ATT, CIOT), industry-body materials (NRLA, Propertymark), trade-press coverage and landlord-forum threads.