Counterfeit farm inputs, no field test, across countries.

Smallholder farmers in developing markets buy fertiliser and pesticide inputs that are visually indistinguishable from genuine products but contain inert fillers; no affordable point-of-purchase authentication service exists at the field level. The pattern shows up in different jurisdictions with country-specific deadlines, fines and vendor ecosystems — but operators face the same underlying squeeze. Filter by country or industry above.